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- Osvath, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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An Exploration of Play Behaviors in Raven Nestlings
- 2014
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Ingår i: Animal behavior and cognition. - : Animal Behavior and Cognition. - 2372-5052 .- 2372-4323. ; 1:2, s. 157-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Play is widespread among vertebrates. Some animal groups stand out in their play behaviors in levels of complexity, innovativeness, sociality, and volume. Despite the vast phylogenetic distance between corvids, parrots, great apes, and dolphins, all are usually identified as among the most playful. These groups also have several complex cognitive skills in common. There is growing agreement that play has evolved multiple times under different selective pressures in different lineages. As these groups appear similar in their complex play but are separated by considerable evolutionary distance, the similarity is unlikely to result from homology. Far more probable is that the similarity has arisen from convergent or parallel evolution. It is important to conduct comparative ontogenetic play studies on these groups to learn more about what basic processes underlie complex play and whether such play is, indeed, related to complex cognition. Toward that end, we explored the play behavior of raven nestlings over the last ten days before they fledged. We found high levels of play both in terms of instances initiated and duration. The play behaviors were at level with – or above – maintenance behaviors and flight training. Most of the play was object play, but social object play and apparent play contagion was also recorded. The importance of play in developing young ravens is clear. The reasons might be less clear, however play could underlie both object-related and social development.
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- Sauciuc, Gabriela-Alina, et al.
(författare)
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Affective forecasting in an orangutan : predicting the hedonic outcome of novel juice mixes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-9456 .- 1435-9448. ; 19:6, s. 1081-1092
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Affective forecasting is an ability that allows the prediction of the hedonic outcome of never-before experienced situations, by mentally recombining elements of prior experiences into possible scenarios, and pre-experiencing what these might feel like. It has been hypothesised that this ability is uniquely human. For example, given prior experience with the ingredients, but in the absence of direct experience with the mixture, only humans are said to be able to predict that lemonade tastes better with sugar than without it. Non-human animals, on the other hand, are claimed to be confined to predicting—exclusively and inflexibly—the outcome of previously experienced situations. Relying on gustatory stimuli, we devised a non-verbal method for assessing affective forecasting and tested comparatively one Sumatran orangutan and ten human participants. Administered as binary choices, the test required the participants to mentally construct novel juice blends from familiar ingredients and to make hedonic predictions concerning the ensuing mixes. The orangutan’s performance was within the range of that shown by the humans. Both species made consistent choices that reflected independently measured taste preferences for the stimuli. Statistical models fitted to the data confirmed the predictive accuracy of such a relationship. The orangutan, just like humans, thus seems to have been able to make hedonic predictions concerning never-before experienced events.
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| 7. |
- Gärdenfors, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The tripod effect : Evolutionary perspectives on cooperation, cognition and communication
- 2012
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Ingår i: New perspectives on the symbolic species. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1875-4651. - 9789400723351 - 9789400723368 ; 6, s. 193-224
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article concerns the co-evolution of hominin cooperation, communication and cognition. Certain hominin ecologies seem to have relied on cognitive foresight. The capacity of planning for future needs, combined with more developed cooperative skills, opened up the cognitive niche of cooperation towards future goals. Such cooperation requires complex intersubjectivity (theory of mind). We analyze five domains of intersubjectivity: emotion, desire, attention, intention, and belief; and argue that cooperation towards future goals requires, among other things, joint intentions (we-intentions). We scrutinize the cognitive and communicative conditions for reciprocal altruism, found in some species; and indirect reciprocity, a form of cooperation typical in the hominin line.Sharing intentions and beliefs about the future requires communication about what is not present in the current environment. Symbols are efficient tools for this kind of communication, and we argue that the benefits of cooperation for the future selected for the evolution of symbolic communication. In line with recent models describing how indirect reciprocity might develop into an evolutionarily stable strategy, we emphasize the need for yet more complex intersubjectivity and symbolic communication, including a minimal syntax.Our argumentation triangulates hominin cognition, cooperation, and communication, showing how these interdependent factors mutually reinforce each other over the course of evolution. The new take in this article is the combined analyses of cooperation and cognitive mechanisms. Finally, our theses are linked to archaeological evidence.
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